隨著汽車(chē)配備越來(lái)越多的電子系統(tǒng)，出現(xiàn)電磁干擾問(wèn)題的可能性越來(lái)越大。這尤其適用于帶有用于電機(jī)逆變器的附加電力電子設(shè)備的電動(dòng)汽車(chē) (xEV)。EMC 濾波器的使用提供了一種可靠且重量輕的方法來(lái)消除密集源的相互干擾。

混合動(dòng)力和全電動(dòng)汽車(chē)（xEV）都裝有電子設(shè)備，在數(shù)量和技術(shù)要求上都遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車(chē)。因?yàn)椋巳找鎻?fù)雜的安全、舒適和通信系統(tǒng)之外，真正為電子系統(tǒng)增加賭注的是電力驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)——高壓電池、逆變器和至少一個(gè)電動(dòng)機(jī)。因此，開(kāi)發(fā)此類(lèi)車(chē)輛的首要任務(wù)是確保擠在非常有限的空間中的各個(gè)系統(tǒng)不會(huì)造成相互干擾。同樣重要的是，沒(méi)有干擾會(huì)影響車(chē)輛外部的系統(tǒng)。這些 EMC 要求受 CISPR 25 或歐盟指令 ECE-R10 等國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的監(jiān)管。

屏蔽電纜引起的 EMC 問(wèn)題

逆變器通過(guò)電機(jī)的脈寬調(diào)制控制運(yùn)行。脈沖的陡峭邊緣會(huì)在逆變器的輸入和輸出端引起相當(dāng)大的 EMC 問(wèn)題，表現(xiàn)為輻射和傳導(dǎo)發(fā)射。為了將這些保持在最低限度，迄今為止的大多數(shù)傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)都基于完整的封裝或屏蔽。

為了節(jié)省空間并改善重量分布，各個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)部件分布在整個(gè)車(chē)輛中。電池通常位于后部，逆變器位于前部。一個(gè)或多個(gè)電機(jī)安裝在車(chē)軸上，有時(shí)直接安裝在車(chē)輪上。逆變器與電池的連接需要一根長(zhǎng)的屏蔽電纜，這會(huì)給 EMC 帶來(lái)很大的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)橐环矫鏁?huì)產(chǎn)生高屏蔽電流，從而導(dǎo)致高頻范圍內(nèi)的輻射。另一方面，足夠大的電壓尖峰甚至?xí)p壞逆變器或電池。此外，不能排除干擾耦合到車(chē)輛低壓系統(tǒng)的可能性。

The electrical and mechanical connection of the cable shielding to the shielding of the battery and inverter poses a further problem. The impedance of this connection must be extremely low in order to guarantee adequate shielding. But the vibrations and impacts inherent in vehicles create forces that weaken the shielding connection, causing a gradual long-term rise in impedance. Aging processes caused by oxidation, or even corrosion, are not insignificant either.

The radiated and conducted emissions of a system with shielded cable between the battery and inverter are depicted in Figure 2.

Fig. 2: The use of a shielded cable between battery and inverter reduces the radiated emissions (above), it does not reduce the conducted emissions (below).

Clear improvement in EMC through use of filters

A superior approach to coping with the growing demands made on EMC design involves the use of high-voltage DC filters. To be suitable for electric vehicles they need to be designed for a maximum voltage of 600 V DC, corresponding to the typical voltages of high-voltage batteries. To enable the filtering of drive systems with power ratings considerably in excess of 100 kW, their current capabilities should cover the range of up to around 150 A DC or 350 A DC. The EMC filters must offer a very low DC resistance to avoid significant losses.

As shown in Figure 3, it was possible to confirm the improved EMC performance when an EMC filter was used in the test setup.?

Fig. 3: An EMC filter between battery and inverter results in a dramatic reduction in the conducted interference, in particular.

盡管使用了非屏蔽電纜，但傳導(dǎo)干擾尤其可以降低多達(dá) 70 dB，或 3,000 倍。此外，使用 EMC 濾波器可以顯著減少單個(gè)系統(tǒng)組件中常規(guī) EMC 措施的數(shù)量。例如，消除對(duì)屏蔽電纜的需求有助于節(jié)省重量和空間。?

用于 EMC 的兩線高壓直流濾波器可從許多制造商處獲得。查看http://en.tdk.eu/tdk-en/530186/products/product-catalog/emc-components了解 TDK 和 Epcos 的 EMC 組件。




審核編輯：劉清